S
sama P same (Finnish sama, Esperanto sama, etc.)
preposition: same as, like, identical with/to
noun: identity, similarity
-self (reflexive)
one another (reciprocal)
modifier: like, similar to. same as
close kin to
equal
verb t: make equal, balance
reconcile
[ compare ]
conditional: similarly, in the same way
[ 'x li sama y e z' "x identifies z with y, compares z to y, reconciles z with y" also 'x li sama e z sama y'
If y is missing, in both the transitive and intransitive cases, it is either a contextually understood reference or is 'sama', either reflexive or reciprocal (with a plural x or z).]
tpl thumb-fist in front of chest, palm facing down (both hands)
seli N heat (Georgian tsxeli)
noun: heat, fire, warmth
heat source
chemical reaction
modifier: hot, warm, fiery
cooked, burnt
[ intense, eager, excited]
verb t: cook, warm up, burn
[ stir up, excite ]
tpl wiggling hand at left shoulder, palm facing down
selo N skin (Esperanto sxelo)
noun: skin, hide, bark, shell, rind, peel, (cell) wall
outside
shape
surface
outer form
protection, shield, safety
boundary
modifier: dermal, superficial, surface
leathery
external
safe, protected.
verb t: protect, defend
touch
shape
[I think it should also mean remove the selo from, but that is aberrant: use weka e selo]
with lon: outside of]
{protection, etc. moved to }
tpl F hand at left elbow, palm facing back
seme N what? (Cantonese shanme)
Who? What? Which?
modifier: Which? What sort of?
verb i: is what? does what?
verb t: does what to?
Answer is a specific replacement for seme.
tpl flat hand in front of chest, palm facing up
sewi A high (Georgian sevit)
Physical but also metaphorical for social position and the like
modifier: high, over head, elevated, top
superior, formal
religious, worshiped
{ sacred. supernatural, divine}
noun: top, overhead, height
highest part
sky
{God, god}
verb i: get up, arise
win
verb t: lift, raise up
worship, adore
with lon: on, over, on top of, above
tpl 1 hand in front of chest, palm facing left, index finger pointing up
sijelo N body (Croatian tajelo)
noun: body, physical state [also metaphorical for collections]
{torso}
modifier: physical, bodily
[verb t: incarnate
lean on, fall on top of ]
tpl flat hand on stomach, palm facing back
sike A round (English circle)
modifier: round, circular, spherical
cyclical
of one year
noun: circle, ball
wheel
cycle
verb t: encircle, surround
form into a circle
revolve around
rotate around
cycle through
[preposition: about, concerning generally rejected as a calque]
tpl O hand on top of left fist, palm facing down
sin A new (Cantonese xin)
modifier: new, fresh, young
anew, once again
additional
noun: more, another
news
verb t: renew, renovate
tpl wiggling hand on top of left fist, palm facing left
sina N you (Finnish sina")
noun: you [singular and plural]
modifier: your, yours
Modification with 'mute' or a number is occasionally disambiguation but is not basic tp. Modification with 'suli' and the like is not basic tp and should be used only to reflect honorifics in translation where their role is relevant.
tpl 1 hand in front of chest, index finger pointing forward
sinpin N front (Cantonese)
noun: front
face, chest, torso {see sijelo}
wall, vertical surface
modifier: front, facial, torsal, pectoral
vertical
foremost
with lon: in front of, before [not temporal]
[verb t: build a wall out of, drop a wall on, set upright and other possibilities, all unrealized]
tpl L hand in front of chest, palm facing back (both hands)
sitelen V draw (Dutch schilderen)
An activity that uses hands and a stick-like object to produce a lasting mark, then activities that produce the marks however, so: write, draw, carve, photograph, video record, type, etc.
noun: writings, drawings, pictures, photographs and generally anything produced by the activity.
representation, image
character, letter
the activities themselves
modifier: produced by such an activity
representational
[conditional: literally
according to authoritative records ]
tpl F hand in front of chest, palm facing left (both hands)
sona V know (Georgian tsodna)
Anything to do with right understanding::know, know how to, plan, understand, mean [about words]
noun: knowledge, science, philosophy, any system of beliefs, wisdom, plan
aphorism, wise advice.
modifier: wise, intelligent, learned
modal know how to
tpl bent hand at side of forehead, palm facing left
soweli N beast (Georgian tsxoveli)
Basically, any land mammal [but see mani], broadly a cute, cuddly animal. Used also for sea and air mammals, and as a general term for all Animalia.
modifier: animal, cute and cuddly
tpl flat hand at left elbow, palm facing down
suli A big (Finnish suuri)
In most meanings of the English: tall, fat, long, wide, deep, large, heavy
adult, mature, ripe
important, significant, influential
noun: size, dimension, importance
verb t: enlarge
cultivate
promote
tpl 2 hand at side of forehead, palm facing forward
suno N light (Esperanto suno)
sun, day [in both senses]
brightness, glow, radiance
light source
modifier: bright, lit, light
verb t: light, illumine
tpl bent hand at side of forehead, palm facing forward
supa N surface (Acadian surface, Esperanto surfaco, English surface)
Basically thought of as horizontal, so floor, table, chair, bed, pillow [cf. sinpin]
plane
place to put or rest things on
[modifier: flat, horizontal
verb t: flatten, plane, smooth]
tpl flat hand in front of chest, palm facing up (both hands)
suwi A sweet (Tok Pisin swit, English sweet)
Also generalized to pleasant and transferred to cute, adorable and fragrant .
noun: sugar, sweetener, candy, other confections
verb t: sweeten
tpl 2 hand at side of chin, palm facing left
T
tan P from
In a broad sense, so also by, because of , since
noun: origin, source, cause, reason, motive
modifier: causal, motivational
[verb t: take DO from, fetch DO, rescue DO]
tpl bent hand at left elbow, palm facing back
taso A only (Tok Pisin tasol, English that's all)
Also sole, exactly, alone
[exceptional]
[Usage note: English is rather loose about where it puts "only": in tp, it goes immediately after what is unique and does not drift to the verb,]
[noun: hermit, recluse
exception ]
verb t: isolate, abandon, cut off, ban
[ make an exception of ]
conjunction: but, except that
[preposition: except ]
tpl L hand in front of chest, palm facing down (both hands)
tawa P toward (English toward)
Also to, in the direction of
for
until
in order to
{from the perspective of}
noun: destination, target, goal
purpose
movement, transportation, travel, transportation
conduct, experience
modifier: moving, mobile
verb i: move, leave, go to
verb t: move DO, send
{
tpl bent hand in front of chest, palm facing forward
telo N water (Acadian French de l'eau)
Any liquid: soup, sauce, juice, gasoline, coffee, etc.
modifier: liquid, flowing, wet, washed
verb t: water, wash, moisten
melt
tpl wiggling hand in front of chest, palm facing down (both hands)
tenpo N time (Esperanto tempo)
Both the whole and parts: moment, duration, generation
situation, occasion
period
[modifier: temporal
verb t: time
take time (DO of amount) ]
tpl F hand on top of left fist, palm facing left
toki V communicate (Tok Pisin tok, English talk)
In particular: talk, say, use language
inform [? seems either intransitive or has wrong object]
{ think [see pilin]}
noun: talk, speech, message
language
communication, information
modifier: talking, verbal, linguistic
informative
interjection: Hello, Hi [conventional greeting]
tpl bent hand at side of chin, palm facing left
tomo N building (Esperanto domo)
Any constructed space, particularly: home, house, shelter, room,
designated place [even if not structure]
structure
modifier: built, constructed, man-made
urban
domestic, household
verb t: build, construct {apparently moved to pali}
tpl bent hand in front of chest, palm facing left (both hands = so left palm facing right)
tu A two (English two)
noun: pair, duo
verb t: double
divide, separate, split, cut in two
tpl 2 hand in front of chest, palm facing forward
*tuli A three (prob English three)
[now tu wan or, preferably, mute]
U
unpa V sex (sound symbolism? English hump?)
[This word is not proscribed in any way and so is not to be used for emphasis or strong emotions]
The primary sexual act. whatever that may be for a given organism: have sex with, copulate, pollinate, fertilize, etc. Also acts that simulate these actions in some way: masturbate, bugger, sodomize etc., but without the value judgments involved.
{be married to cf wan}
noun: sex act, sexuality
modifier: sexual, erotic
tpl 2 hand on top of left fist, palm facing down
uta N mouth (Croatian asta?)
Generally for organs of that shape or purpose across animal species. Maybe metaphorically for the edge and opening of a hole and other things shaped like a mouth.
{lips, jaw, oral cavity}
modifier: oral
verb t: kiss [maybe also suck]
tpl 1 hand at side of chin, palm facing back
utala N conflict (Croatian adarati)
More precisely: contest,
fight, battle, war, violence, attack, blow
argument
modifier: violent, military, argumentative
verb t: fight, attack, strike, hit
argue, compete
{ challenge
compete against, struggle against}
tpl thumb-fist at left shoulder, palm facing forward
W
walo A white (Finnish valko(inen))
Also light(color) includes various shades of gray.
pale
noun: whiteness, lightness (color)
verb t: paint white, whitewash
tpl F hand at side of forehead, palm facing down
wan A unit (English one)
So one but less obviously: whole, alone, lonesome
unique
united
noun: unit, element, particle, part, piece
verb t: unite, join together, make one, marry [conjoint or plural subject or subject and object or subject (officiant) and conjoint/ plural object]
isolate
tpl 1 hand in front of chest, palm facing forward, index finger pointing up
waso N bird (Acadian French oiseau)
Any flying chordate animal so bats and pterodactyl are included (and kiwis maybe not)
modifier: avian
verb i & t: fly
tpl O hand at side of chin, palm facing forward
wawa A power (Finnish vahva)
So powerful, strong, energetic, intense, fierce
sure, confident
fast
noun: power, strength,speed, confidence, energy
verb t: empower, boost, strengthen, speed up
tpl thumb-fist on stomach, palm facing back
weka A away (Dutch weg)
absent, missing, far
ignored
noun: absence, distance
[ refuse, trash]
verb t: throw away, get rid of
remove
extricate, rescue, save
preposition: except [maybe modifier, but it requires an NP]
tpl O hand at left elbow, palm facing down
wile M want (Dutch willen)
The strong modal: a strong force (internal, external, physical, etc.) impels the subject to realize the complementary VP, so
need to, have to, must, ought,. should, wants, desires, is required to, ...
noun: need, want, desire, obligation, duty
will
modifier: required, necessary, desired, wanted
verb t: want, need, desire, require
chose, select
tpl O hand on stomach, palm facing up
sama P same (Finnish sama, Esperanto sama, etc.)
preposition: same as, like, identical with/to
noun: identity, similarity
-self (reflexive)
one another (reciprocal)
modifier: like, similar to. same as
close kin to
equal
verb t: make equal, balance
reconcile
[ compare ]
conditional: similarly, in the same way
[ 'x li sama y e z' "x identifies z with y, compares z to y, reconciles z with y" also 'x li sama e z sama y'
If y is missing, in both the transitive and intransitive cases, it is either a contextually understood reference or is 'sama', either reflexive or reciprocal (with a plural x or z).]
tpl thumb-fist in front of chest, palm facing down (both hands)
seli N heat (Georgian tsxeli)
noun: heat, fire, warmth
heat source
chemical reaction
modifier: hot, warm, fiery
cooked, burnt
[ intense, eager, excited]
verb t: cook, warm up, burn
[ stir up, excite ]
tpl wiggling hand at left shoulder, palm facing down
selo N skin (Esperanto sxelo)
noun: skin, hide, bark, shell, rind, peel, (cell) wall
outside
shape
surface
outer form
protection, shield, safety
boundary
modifier: dermal, superficial, surface
leathery
external
safe, protected.
verb t: protect, defend
touch
shape
[I think it should also mean remove the selo from, but that is aberrant: use weka e selo]
with lon: outside of]
{protection, etc. moved to }
tpl F hand at left elbow, palm facing back
seme N what? (Cantonese shanme)
Who? What? Which?
modifier: Which? What sort of?
verb i: is what? does what?
verb t: does what to?
Answer is a specific replacement for seme.
tpl flat hand in front of chest, palm facing up
sewi A high (Georgian sevit)
Physical but also metaphorical for social position and the like
modifier: high, over head, elevated, top
superior, formal
religious, worshiped
{ sacred. supernatural, divine}
noun: top, overhead, height
highest part
sky
{God, god}
verb i: get up, arise
win
verb t: lift, raise up
worship, adore
with lon: on, over, on top of, above
tpl 1 hand in front of chest, palm facing left, index finger pointing up
sijelo N body (Croatian tajelo)
noun: body, physical state [also metaphorical for collections]
{torso}
modifier: physical, bodily
[verb t: incarnate
lean on, fall on top of ]
tpl flat hand on stomach, palm facing back
sike A round (English circle)
modifier: round, circular, spherical
cyclical
of one year
noun: circle, ball
wheel
cycle
verb t: encircle, surround
form into a circle
revolve around
rotate around
cycle through
[preposition: about, concerning generally rejected as a calque]
tpl O hand on top of left fist, palm facing down
sin A new (Cantonese xin)
modifier: new, fresh, young
anew, once again
additional
noun: more, another
news
verb t: renew, renovate
tpl wiggling hand on top of left fist, palm facing left
sina N you (Finnish sina")
noun: you [singular and plural]
modifier: your, yours
Modification with 'mute' or a number is occasionally disambiguation but is not basic tp. Modification with 'suli' and the like is not basic tp and should be used only to reflect honorifics in translation where their role is relevant.
tpl 1 hand in front of chest, index finger pointing forward
sinpin N front (Cantonese)
noun: front
face, chest, torso {see sijelo}
wall, vertical surface
modifier: front, facial, torsal, pectoral
vertical
foremost
with lon: in front of, before [not temporal]
[verb t: build a wall out of, drop a wall on, set upright and other possibilities, all unrealized]
tpl L hand in front of chest, palm facing back (both hands)
sitelen V draw (Dutch schilderen)
An activity that uses hands and a stick-like object to produce a lasting mark, then activities that produce the marks however, so: write, draw, carve, photograph, video record, type, etc.
noun: writings, drawings, pictures, photographs and generally anything produced by the activity.
representation, image
character, letter
the activities themselves
modifier: produced by such an activity
representational
[conditional: literally
according to authoritative records ]
tpl F hand in front of chest, palm facing left (both hands)
sona V know (Georgian tsodna)
Anything to do with right understanding::know, know how to, plan, understand, mean [about words]
noun: knowledge, science, philosophy, any system of beliefs, wisdom, plan
aphorism, wise advice.
modifier: wise, intelligent, learned
modal know how to
tpl bent hand at side of forehead, palm facing left
soweli N beast (Georgian tsxoveli)
Basically, any land mammal [but see mani], broadly a cute, cuddly animal. Used also for sea and air mammals, and as a general term for all Animalia.
modifier: animal, cute and cuddly
tpl flat hand at left elbow, palm facing down
suli A big (Finnish suuri)
In most meanings of the English: tall, fat, long, wide, deep, large, heavy
adult, mature, ripe
important, significant, influential
noun: size, dimension, importance
verb t: enlarge
cultivate
promote
tpl 2 hand at side of forehead, palm facing forward
suno N light (Esperanto suno)
sun, day [in both senses]
brightness, glow, radiance
light source
modifier: bright, lit, light
verb t: light, illumine
tpl bent hand at side of forehead, palm facing forward
supa N surface (Acadian surface, Esperanto surfaco, English surface)
Basically thought of as horizontal, so floor, table, chair, bed, pillow [cf. sinpin]
plane
place to put or rest things on
[modifier: flat, horizontal
verb t: flatten, plane, smooth]
tpl flat hand in front of chest, palm facing up (both hands)
suwi A sweet (Tok Pisin swit, English sweet)
Also generalized to pleasant and transferred to cute, adorable and fragrant .
noun: sugar, sweetener, candy, other confections
verb t: sweeten
tpl 2 hand at side of chin, palm facing left
T
tan P from
In a broad sense, so also by, because of , since
noun: origin, source, cause, reason, motive
modifier: causal, motivational
[verb t: take DO from, fetch DO, rescue DO]
tpl bent hand at left elbow, palm facing back
taso A only (Tok Pisin tasol, English that's all)
Also sole, exactly, alone
[exceptional]
[Usage note: English is rather loose about where it puts "only": in tp, it goes immediately after what is unique and does not drift to the verb,]
[noun: hermit, recluse
exception ]
verb t: isolate, abandon, cut off, ban
[ make an exception of ]
conjunction: but, except that
[preposition: except ]
tpl L hand in front of chest, palm facing down (both hands)
tawa P toward (English toward)
Also to, in the direction of
for
until
in order to
{from the perspective of}
noun: destination, target, goal
purpose
movement, transportation, travel, transportation
conduct, experience
modifier: moving, mobile
verb i: move, leave, go to
verb t: move DO, send
{
| A tawa B e C: C in situation x, A does y to C, as a result C is in situation B. If C is not mentioned, it is A or a part of A. If y is mentioned it becomes main verb, and tawa B goes to the end. If x is mentioned it is at the end after tan.} |
telo N water (Acadian French de l'eau)
Any liquid: soup, sauce, juice, gasoline, coffee, etc.
modifier: liquid, flowing, wet, washed
verb t: water, wash, moisten
melt
tpl wiggling hand in front of chest, palm facing down (both hands)
tenpo N time (Esperanto tempo)
Both the whole and parts: moment, duration, generation
situation, occasion
period
[modifier: temporal
verb t: time
take time (DO of amount) ]
tpl F hand on top of left fist, palm facing left
toki V communicate (Tok Pisin tok, English talk)
In particular: talk, say, use language
inform [? seems either intransitive or has wrong object]
{ think [see pilin]}
noun: talk, speech, message
language
communication, information
modifier: talking, verbal, linguistic
informative
interjection: Hello, Hi [conventional greeting]
tpl bent hand at side of chin, palm facing left
tomo N building (Esperanto domo)
Any constructed space, particularly: home, house, shelter, room,
designated place [even if not structure]
structure
modifier: built, constructed, man-made
urban
domestic, household
verb t: build, construct {apparently moved to pali}
tpl bent hand in front of chest, palm facing left (both hands = so left palm facing right)
tu A two (English two)
noun: pair, duo
verb t: double
divide, separate, split, cut in two
tpl 2 hand in front of chest, palm facing forward
*tuli A three (prob English three)
[now tu wan or, preferably, mute]
U
unpa V sex (sound symbolism? English hump?)
[This word is not proscribed in any way and so is not to be used for emphasis or strong emotions]
The primary sexual act. whatever that may be for a given organism: have sex with, copulate, pollinate, fertilize, etc. Also acts that simulate these actions in some way: masturbate, bugger, sodomize etc., but without the value judgments involved.
{be married to cf wan}
noun: sex act, sexuality
modifier: sexual, erotic
tpl 2 hand on top of left fist, palm facing down
uta N mouth (Croatian asta?)
Generally for organs of that shape or purpose across animal species. Maybe metaphorically for the edge and opening of a hole and other things shaped like a mouth.
{lips, jaw, oral cavity}
modifier: oral
verb t: kiss [maybe also suck]
tpl 1 hand at side of chin, palm facing back
utala N conflict (Croatian adarati)
More precisely: contest,
fight, battle, war, violence, attack, blow
argument
modifier: violent, military, argumentative
verb t: fight, attack, strike, hit
argue, compete
{ challenge
compete against, struggle against}
tpl thumb-fist at left shoulder, palm facing forward
W
walo A white (Finnish valko(inen))
Also light(color) includes various shades of gray.
pale
noun: whiteness, lightness (color)
verb t: paint white, whitewash
tpl F hand at side of forehead, palm facing down
wan A unit (English one)
So one but less obviously: whole, alone, lonesome
unique
united
noun: unit, element, particle, part, piece
verb t: unite, join together, make one, marry [conjoint or plural subject or subject and object or subject (officiant) and conjoint/ plural object]
isolate
tpl 1 hand in front of chest, palm facing forward, index finger pointing up
waso N bird (Acadian French oiseau)
Any flying chordate animal so bats and pterodactyl are included (and kiwis maybe not)
modifier: avian
verb i & t: fly
tpl O hand at side of chin, palm facing forward
wawa A power (Finnish vahva)
So powerful, strong, energetic, intense, fierce
sure, confident
fast
noun: power, strength,speed, confidence, energy
verb t: empower, boost, strengthen, speed up
tpl thumb-fist on stomach, palm facing back
weka A away (Dutch weg)
absent, missing, far
ignored
noun: absence, distance
[ refuse, trash]
verb t: throw away, get rid of
remove
extricate, rescue, save
preposition: except [maybe modifier, but it requires an NP]
tpl O hand at left elbow, palm facing down
wile M want (Dutch willen)
The strong modal: a strong force (internal, external, physical, etc.) impels the subject to realize the complementary VP, so
need to, have to, must, ought,. should, wants, desires, is required to, ...
noun: need, want, desire, obligation, duty
will
modifier: required, necessary, desired, wanted
verb t: want, need, desire, require
chose, select
tpl O hand on stomach, palm facing up
