L
tpl L hand, palm facing back
la F (a priori, said to be from Esperanto la,which has different purpose)
marks the end of a condition: temporal location, duration, rhetorical and causal connections, emotions underlying utterance, sources of information presented,... and antecedents of conditional sentences.
tpl bent hand in front of chest, palm facing left
lape M asleep (Dutch slapen)
Also unconscious, drugged, resting
noun: sleep, unconsciousness, rest
verb t: put DO to sleep, knock DO out
tpl flat hand at side of forehead, palm facing left
laso M blue (Welsh glas)
Actually any color between sky blue and plant green: blue-green, green, blue, turquoise, aqua, cyan, sea green
noun: blue, green, etc.
verb t: color/paint DO blue-
Neither "sad" nor "smutty” nor “drunk” are tied to this word
tpl F hand at left elbow, palm facing down
lawa N head (Croatian glava)
Everything above the shoulders. Then metaphorically
chief, leader, ruler
mind
law
direction
modifier: pertaining to head
chief, main
mental
legal, lawful
directive
verb t: lead / direct / control /rule / guide / steer DO
show DO / point DO to (tawa)
[ enact / decree / legislateDO
think about / ponder DO ?]
tpl flat hand at side of forehead, palm facing forward
*leko N stair, square (Lego(tm) toy blocks) (replaced by phrases as needed)
len N cloth (Acadian French linge)
fabric generally, particularly (items of) clothing but anything made of cloth in a broad sense
{privacy}
modifier: cloth
dressed / clothed
arrayed / costumed / dressed up
verb t: wear / be dressed in DO
dress DO (put on or provide clothes for)
tpl bent hand at left shoulder, palm facing back
lete M cold (Acadian French frete)
also uncooked, raw and (Boreacentrically) North
noun: cold
North
verb t: cool / chill / freeze DO
tpl wiggling hand at left elbow, palm facing down
li F (Esperanto li)
Marks the end of the subject or the beginning of a new predicate conjoined to the previous one.
tpl flat hand in front of chest, palm facing left
lili M small (Tok Pisin liklik)
Antonym of both mute and suli so small in any dimension: short, thin, light weight, narrow, brief but also few and
young, immature
noun: smallness (and all the particular forms)
youth, immaturity
a bit
verb t: lessen / diminish / shrink / reduce DO
tpl 2 hand at side of chin, palm facing forward
linja N string (Finnish linja)
Any long, thin, floppy thing e.g.
rope thread, cord, chain, spaghetti, hair
Also connection, relationship
modifier: stringy
hairy
[verb t: tie
bind, tie up
connect]
tpl 1 hand at side of forehead, palm facing left
lipu N sheet (Finnish lippu)
Any flat bendable thing. e.g.
leaf, card, ticket, paper, page
hence, chalkily,
webpage. website
modifier: flat,
flexible
paper, cardboard
pertaining to the web
[verb t: paper, cover with or wrap in paper or such
mulch, shred ]
tpl flat hand on top of left fist, palm facing up
loje M red (Dutch rood, rooie)
Any of a wide range of colors clearly reddish
noun: red thing
color red
[verb t: color red (paint, etc.)]
tpl F hand at side of chin, palm facing left
lon P at (Tok Pisin long)
Also in, on for general location in a large space.
So far, only spatial (in unchallenged works), temporal suggested but deferred to 'la' constructions
{Cancel that: lon tenpo x is equivalent to tenpo x la}
noun: location, address
situation
reality, truth, existence (without complementary NP)
modifier: real, true, existing, correct, genuine,...
present (being here)
awake
verb t: place in/at/on (with NP -- otherwise tawa)
bring to
correct, verify (without NP)
bring into existence, create
awaken DO
{
}
tpl 1 hand on top of left fist, palm facing down
luka N arm (Croatian raka)
Specifically foreleg on non-primates, wing on birds and the like
Also hand and thus (though frowned on) five.
{no longer frowned on}
tactile organ wherever located
modifier: five
pertaining to arm, hand, foreleg, wing
[verb t. embrace, shake hands with, greet
massage
touch, feel]
tpl flat hand in front of chest, palm facing forward
lukin V look (Tok Pisin lukim = English look him)
Actually look at,so see, watch, read; be aware of, attend to, care for; show DO (tawa)
{ seek, look for}
noun: vision, sight [faculty]
sight [what seen]
attention
{eye, replaces or merges with oko}
modifier visual
alert
attentive
modal try, work at
[condition: obviously, clearly, apparently ?]
tpl 2 hand in front of chest, palm facing down
lupa N hole (Lojban clupa)
Any orifice: window, door, goal [in various sports]
[modifier: hollow
spongy, worm-eaten
verb t: bore, dig into ]
tpl O hand in front of chest, palm facing left
M
tpl wiggling hand, palm facing back
ma N land (Finnish maa)
In all senses: ground, dirt, soil, earth
real property
country, nation, region
Earth (maybe any planet one happens to live on)
{outdoors}
modifier: dirty, grimy, soiled [literal]
pertaining to soil
national, regional, territorial, terrestrial
[verb t: dirty, soil DO
found a nation (DO) ?]
tpl flat hand in front of chest, palm facing down (both hands)
*majuna A old (Esperanto maljuna unyoung)
mama N parent (Georgian mama)
So also mother, father alone or with gender words
{creator, caretaker, sustainer, ancestor, originator}
modifier: parental, maternal, paternal, motherly, fatherly
[verb t: parent, raise/rear, care for DO (child) ]
tpl 2 hand on stomach, palm facing down
mani N money (English money)
Generally, any form of wealth: currency, capital but also flocks
hence herd animals (sheep, goats, cows, camels, llamas,...)
modifier: monetary, financial
[ herdlike (docile, easily led, etc.)
verb t: give money to, pay, donate to
make money from, exploit, dun
domesticate]
tpl thumb-fist at left elbow, palm facing back
meli N female (Tok Pisin meri = English Mary)
For any species in which it is meaningful, particularly humans:
woman, wife, girl, girlfriend
modifier: feminine, womanly, female
[verb t: pander for
perform mtf surgery on, castrate]
tpl 2 hand on stomach, palm facing back
mi X I (Esperanto mi, English me)
First person pronoun, singular and plural, so also
me, we, us
modifier my, mine, our, ours
[verb t: claim, appropriate ]
conditional: in my opinion, from my point of view
Modification with 'mute' or a number is not forbidden and occasionally disambiguating, but not basic tp. Modification with 'lili' and the like is legal but not basic tp and not disambiguating.
tpl thumb-fist in front of chest, palm facing down, thumb pointing back
mije N male (Finnish mies)
For any species in which it is meaningful, but particularly human:
man, boy, husband, boyfriend
modifier: male, manly, masculine
[verb t: perform ftm procedures on ]
tpl 2 hand on top of left fist, palm facing left
moku V eat (Japanese mogu mogu)
Taking things in through the mouth: drink, swallow, ingest, consume, ...
noun: food, meal, drink
eating, drinking
modifier: eating
edible, food
tpl O hand at side of chin, palm facing back
moli A dead (Acadian French mourir)
Also, lethal, fatal, deadly
noun: death, dead being
verb t: kill, murder, execute, etc.
tpl O hand at side of chin, palm facing back
monsi N back (Acadian French mon tchu = French mon cul)
Also, behind, backside, rear and thus particularly
butt, ass
modifier: rear, behind, in back
[verb t: moon ]
tpl L hand in front of chest, palm facing forward
monsuta V fear
That is be afraid of, be frightened by
noun: fear, fright, terror etc.
monster, bogeyman [anything that inspires fear]
modifier: fearful, afraid, frightened
but also used in opposite polarity frighten, cause to fear
frightening
{Not in latest list}
mu I [animal noise] (sound symbolism)
Cute animal noises like baa, moo, arf, meow, ...
[noun: such a noise
modifier: making such a noise
verb t: making such a noise to convey DO
talking nonsense in saying DO
maybe with modifiers to explain the kind of animal and noise]
tpl wiggling hand at side of chin, palm facing down
mun N moon (English moon)
Any lesser light in the sky: planet, star, satellite
modifier: lunar
stellar
[ extraterrestrial
verb t: launch into space ]
tpl O hand at side of forehead, palm facing left
musi N play (Esperanto amuzi)
game, recreation.entertainment , fun
art
modifier: amusing, entertaining, recreational, fun
artful, artistic, musical
frivolous, playful
verb i: have fun, play, exercise
verb t: entertain, amuse, play with
tpl wiggling hand at side of forehead, palm facing left
mute A much (Esperanto multe)
Also several, many, numerous, abundant
very *comparative
20 according to one disastrous usage
noun: a lot, multitude
quantity
a lot
verb t: increase, multiply, augment, nourish, improve
tpl flat hand in front of chest, palm facing forward (both hands)
N
tpl wiggling hand, palm facing down
namako N trimming
Something good added on: accessory, seasoning, lagniappe
modifier: accessory, spicy
verb t: excite, stimulate
decorate
{not in latest list}
nanpa N number (Tok Pisin namba = English number)
Cardinal , also -th to introduce ordinals
modifier: numeral, numeric, dealing with numbers
verb t: enumerate, count
'nanpa' followed by a numerical expression does not require 'pi' as a modifier.
tpl 2 hand in front of chest, palm facing back
nasa A crazy (Tok Pisin nasau)
Any thing unusual, abnormal, strange, foolish, stupid, silly, weird, drunken, unconventional
noun: strangeness, stupidity, drunkenness, etc.
verb t: confuse, scramble, get drunk, etc.
tpl thumb-fist at side of forehead, palm facing forward
nasin N way (Croatian nacin)
In many senses: road, path, street, etc.
system, program, doctrine, course of action, method
custom, habit, manner
modifier: systematic, habitual, customary, doctrinal, doctrinaire
pertaining to roads
[verb t: clear a path through
indoctrinate, enculturate
plan, plot, program
adopt/follow (a plan, program, way of life) ]
tpl flat hand in front of chest, palm facing left (both hands - so left palm faces right)
nena N bump (Finnish nena)
Anything that sticks out from a surface: hill, mountain,
nose, breast
button
[modifier: bumpy, pertaining to or like any of the nouns
verb t: make DO bumpy, roughen, impousse'
rub, sand,
sting, inoculate, ]
tpl bent hand on top of left fist, palm facing down
ni X this (Cantonese ni)
Deictic, so also that, yonder
In particular, used pronominally to refer to proximate sentence or its event to create the effect of subordinate clauses.
tpl L hand at side of chin, palm facing back
nimi N word (Finnish nimi)
In particular, name. phrase
May take quoted word as modifier
modifier: verbal, nominal
verb t: call / name DO [modifier indicates name, often by quoting it, or name later with 'kepeken'.
tpl nothing under left slanted forearm
noka N leg (Croatian naga)
Particularly hindleg on non-primates
Also foot
modifier: pertaining to legs or feet
{lower, bottom earlier anpa
[verb t: kick ]
[not on the latest official word list, possibly accidentally. A suggestion was abroad to replace it with 'luka anpa'. This has been ignored.] {Cancel this, opposite now official}
tpl flat hand in front of chest, palm facing back
O
tpl O hand, palm facing down
o X O (Georgian o, Esperanto ho, English O)
After NP to mark it as vocative
Before VP to mark it as imperative
Before sentence to mark it as optative
tpl wiggling hand in front of chest, palm facing down
oko N eye (Croatian ako)
modifier: optical, pertaining to eyes
[Obvious verbs t covered by 'lukin']
{not in latest list; replaced by lukin}
olin V love (Croatian volim)
Only between persons (not extreme liking for objects)
{respect, have compassion for, show affection to}
noun: love
beloved
modifier: loved, loving, in love
tpl wiggling hand on stomach, palm facing back
ona X it (Croatian ona "she"))
Third personal pronoun: he, she, they, him, her, them (refers back to a noun phrase)
modifier: his, hers, theirs, its
[condition: he/she/they say with specific reference.
Despite its similarity to (and possible derivation from) Fr on, Eo oni or En one, this is not an indefinte pronoun but strictly anaphoric. "they say" is probably jan la, if done this way at all.]
Modification with 'mute' or a number and with 'mije'. 'meli' or 'ijo' is occasionally disambiguating but is not basic tp.
tpl 1 hand in front of chest, index finger pointing left (palm facing back, I suppose)
open M open (Tok Pisin, English open)
More accurately start, begin, commence, initiate,...
noun: start, beginning, opening
modifier: initial, starting, opening
verb t: open, turn on, start up
condition: to begin with, firstly,
in the beginning
tpl O hand at left shoulder, palm facing down
P
tpl F hand, palm facing down
pakala V harm (Tok Pisin bagarap < English bugger up)
All the various ways and degrees of harm: damage, destroy, break, ruin, spoil, hurt, injure, ...
but also doing a bad job: err, botch, screw/fuck up, make a mistake, ... (DO, the job, often suppressed)
{fail at}
noun: destruction, ruin, disaster, damage, pain, ...
error, mistake, screw-up, ...
modifier: destructive, ruinous, ...
destroyed, ruined, broken, botched, ...
erroneous, mistaken, ...
interjection: general cuss word of frustration, grief, etc.: Damn! Fuck! Shit!
tpl thumb-fist on top of left fist, palm facing forward
[pake V block (as a road). (Eng block)
A suggestion abroad that i means stop without the suggestion of completion.
opposite of ‘ken e’, “place obstructions"
One occurrence, in a draft note on nasin.]
pali V make (Esperanto fari)
As in European languages, general but not (generally) supplementary
Specifically: create, build, care for, cultivate, prepare
Generally: work on/at, do
noun: act, action, deed, activity, function (habit?) cultivation, work, project
job, trade, profession
modifier: active, creative, working, functioning, caring, busy
[modal: habitual action: in the habit of, accustomed to ?]
tpl thumb-fist on top of left fist, palm facing left
palisa N rod (Croatian palica)
Long, thin, generally hard thing: stick, branch, phallus. dildo
modifier: long/tall and thin.
[ tumescent
verb t: stretch
beat
sexually arouse ]
tpl O hand on top of left fist, palm facing left
pan N bread (? French pain, Esperanto pano)
Any baked goods, but also the ingredient: grain (including any specific), flour
[modifier: baked, made of bread
containing grain, floury
verb t: bake, coat with flour
mill, grind ]
tpl F hand at side of chin, palm facing back
pana V emit
Action moving outward from subject: give, send, release, transfer, transmit, (?cause, place, exchange, sell/)[shoot?] {put}
noun: giving, sending, release, transfer, emission, transmission
gift, messenger/representative/ambassador, donation
radiation
modifier: generous, radioactive
tpl wiggling hand in front of chest, palm facing up
*pasila A good, easy (Eo facila “easy”) (now pona, pona pali)
*pata N sibling (now jan sama)
pi F of (Tok Pisin bilong < English belong)
Introduces a right grouped unit within a noun phrase (requires at least two words after).
Required before prepositional phrase modifying a noun phrase, that is, anywhere but at the end of a sentence modifying the whole (or the main verb).
tpl O hand in front of chest, palm facing forward
pilin V feel (Tok Pisin pilim > English feel him; English feeling)
touch, caress, fondle, ...
think, opine, (generally next sentence as object, "about" problem)
feel (a way, emotion) (apparently intransitive with adjective complement of the
way, emotion)
noun: thought, emotion, texture, opinion
modifier: thoughtful, emotional
tactile
{now primarily adjective for how feel, emotion, noun heart both emotional and physical}
tpl F hand on stomach, palm facing back
pimeja A dark (Finnish pimea)
Also, specifically, black
noun: darkness, shadow, blackness
verb: darken, blacken
tpl F hand at left shoulder, palm facing down
pini M end (Tok Pisin pinis, Acadian French fini)
Also finish
close
turn off, extinguish
noun: end, tip, point, completion
modifier: done, finished, completed, ended, closed
past
ago
(What is "stop", then - cease with the possibility of starting up again?)
tpl O hand at left shoulder, palm facing up
pipi N bug (Acadian French bibitte)
The range of invertebrates, at least visible ones (maybe including computer bugs though those are strictly pakala).
modifier: insect, invertebrate, spider [? annoying
verb: expose to bugs
annoy? ]
tpl 1 hand at left elbow, palm facing back
*po A four (English four, now tutu)
poka N side (Croatian baka)
hip, ribs
proximity, partisanship
modifier: near, next to, neighboring, almost, more than?
partisan
[verb: approach, draw in, win over, convert ]
preposition: with (accompanying)
{preposition in doubt}
tpl L hand at left elbow, palm facing back
poki N container ( Tok Pisin bokis < English box)
Any specific one: box, bag, bowl, cup, can, ..., storage
[modifier: stored, canned, packaged, in a container,
pertaining to a container or of a certain type.
restricted, limited, confined
secure
verb: put into a container, store, can, pack]
tpl O hand in front of chest, palm facing down
pona A good (Esperanto bona)
Possessing any tp virtue: easy, simple, healthy, positive, nice, calm, ...., preaceful
noun: any tp virtue: ease, simplicity, health, calmness, ...
value
verb: make good, improve, cure, fix, simplify, quiet, clean, ...
[evaluate]
interjection: Good! Great!, Cool!, Yay!, ...
Thank you, Thanks
condition: fortunately, happily, ...
tpl thumb-fist in front of chest, palm facing left, thumb pointing up
*powe unreal, false, pretend , deceive (now lon ala, toki ike)
pu
[given as a word, but never explained. called a punctuation, "a sort of virgule." Possibly replaces : in 'ni:' expressions so generally to for indirect quotations and, possibly, restrictive relative clauses (a needed addition, since nothing in speech corresponds to this punctuation).
At one point said to mean "a section of text", probably for a sura of the Koran.]
A relating to the Toki Pona book}
also used as a noun to refer to that book (possibly derogatorily).
tpl wiggling hand on top of left fist, palm facing up
tpl L hand, palm facing back
la F (a priori, said to be from Esperanto la,which has different purpose)
marks the end of a condition: temporal location, duration, rhetorical and causal connections, emotions underlying utterance, sources of information presented,... and antecedents of conditional sentences.
tpl bent hand in front of chest, palm facing left
lape M asleep (Dutch slapen)
Also unconscious, drugged, resting
noun: sleep, unconsciousness, rest
verb t: put DO to sleep, knock DO out
tpl flat hand at side of forehead, palm facing left
laso M blue (Welsh glas)
Actually any color between sky blue and plant green: blue-green, green, blue, turquoise, aqua, cyan, sea green
noun: blue, green, etc.
verb t: color/paint DO blue-
Neither "sad" nor "smutty” nor “drunk” are tied to this word
tpl F hand at left elbow, palm facing down
lawa N head (Croatian glava)
Everything above the shoulders. Then metaphorically
chief, leader, ruler
mind
law
direction
modifier: pertaining to head
chief, main
mental
legal, lawful
directive
verb t: lead / direct / control /rule / guide / steer DO
show DO / point DO to (tawa)
[ enact / decree / legislateDO
think about / ponder DO ?]
tpl flat hand at side of forehead, palm facing forward
*leko N stair, square (Lego(tm) toy blocks) (replaced by phrases as needed)
len N cloth (Acadian French linge)
fabric generally, particularly (items of) clothing but anything made of cloth in a broad sense
{privacy}
modifier: cloth
dressed / clothed
arrayed / costumed / dressed up
verb t: wear / be dressed in DO
dress DO (put on or provide clothes for)
tpl bent hand at left shoulder, palm facing back
lete M cold (Acadian French frete)
also uncooked, raw and (Boreacentrically) North
noun: cold
North
verb t: cool / chill / freeze DO
tpl wiggling hand at left elbow, palm facing down
li F (Esperanto li)
Marks the end of the subject or the beginning of a new predicate conjoined to the previous one.
tpl flat hand in front of chest, palm facing left
lili M small (Tok Pisin liklik)
Antonym of both mute and suli so small in any dimension: short, thin, light weight, narrow, brief but also few and
young, immature
noun: smallness (and all the particular forms)
youth, immaturity
a bit
verb t: lessen / diminish / shrink / reduce DO
tpl 2 hand at side of chin, palm facing forward
linja N string (Finnish linja)
Any long, thin, floppy thing e.g.
rope thread, cord, chain, spaghetti, hair
Also connection, relationship
modifier: stringy
hairy
[verb t: tie
bind, tie up
connect]
tpl 1 hand at side of forehead, palm facing left
lipu N sheet (Finnish lippu)
Any flat bendable thing. e.g.
leaf, card, ticket, paper, page
hence, chalkily,
webpage. website
modifier: flat,
flexible
paper, cardboard
pertaining to the web
[verb t: paper, cover with or wrap in paper or such
mulch, shred ]
tpl flat hand on top of left fist, palm facing up
loje M red (Dutch rood, rooie)
Any of a wide range of colors clearly reddish
noun: red thing
color red
[verb t: color red (paint, etc.)]
tpl F hand at side of chin, palm facing left
lon P at (Tok Pisin long)
Also in, on for general location in a large space.
So far, only spatial (in unchallenged works), temporal suggested but deferred to 'la' constructions
{Cancel that: lon tenpo x is equivalent to tenpo x la}
noun: location, address
situation
reality, truth, existence (without complementary NP)
modifier: real, true, existing, correct, genuine,...
present (being here)
awake
verb t: place in/at/on (with NP -- otherwise tawa)
bring to
correct, verify (without NP)
bring into existence, create
awaken DO
{
| A lon B [e C]: A does x [to C,as a result] C is in situation B. If Cis not mentioned, it is A. If B is not mentioned, it is reality, existence, truth. If x is mentioned it becomes the main verb and lon B goes to the end. |
tpl 1 hand on top of left fist, palm facing down
luka N arm (Croatian raka)
Specifically foreleg on non-primates, wing on birds and the like
Also hand and thus (though frowned on) five.
{no longer frowned on}
tactile organ wherever located
modifier: five
pertaining to arm, hand, foreleg, wing
[verb t. embrace, shake hands with, greet
massage
touch, feel]
tpl flat hand in front of chest, palm facing forward
lukin V look (Tok Pisin lukim = English look him)
Actually look at,so see, watch, read; be aware of, attend to, care for; show DO (tawa)
{ seek, look for}
noun: vision, sight [faculty]
sight [what seen]
attention
{eye, replaces or merges with oko}
modifier visual
alert
attentive
modal try, work at
[condition: obviously, clearly, apparently ?]
tpl 2 hand in front of chest, palm facing down
lupa N hole (Lojban clupa)
Any orifice: window, door, goal [in various sports]
[modifier: hollow
spongy, worm-eaten
verb t: bore, dig into ]
tpl O hand in front of chest, palm facing left
M
tpl wiggling hand, palm facing back
ma N land (Finnish maa)
In all senses: ground, dirt, soil, earth
real property
country, nation, region
Earth (maybe any planet one happens to live on)
{outdoors}
modifier: dirty, grimy, soiled [literal]
pertaining to soil
national, regional, territorial, terrestrial
[verb t: dirty, soil DO
found a nation (DO) ?]
tpl flat hand in front of chest, palm facing down (both hands)
*majuna A old (Esperanto maljuna unyoung)
mama N parent (Georgian mama)
So also mother, father alone or with gender words
{creator, caretaker, sustainer, ancestor, originator}
modifier: parental, maternal, paternal, motherly, fatherly
[verb t: parent, raise/rear, care for DO (child) ]
tpl 2 hand on stomach, palm facing down
mani N money (English money)
Generally, any form of wealth: currency, capital but also flocks
hence herd animals (sheep, goats, cows, camels, llamas,...)
modifier: monetary, financial
[ herdlike (docile, easily led, etc.)
verb t: give money to, pay, donate to
make money from, exploit, dun
domesticate]
tpl thumb-fist at left elbow, palm facing back
meli N female (Tok Pisin meri = English Mary)
For any species in which it is meaningful, particularly humans:
woman, wife, girl, girlfriend
modifier: feminine, womanly, female
[verb t: pander for
perform mtf surgery on, castrate]
tpl 2 hand on stomach, palm facing back
mi X I (Esperanto mi, English me)
First person pronoun, singular and plural, so also
me, we, us
modifier my, mine, our, ours
[verb t: claim, appropriate ]
conditional: in my opinion, from my point of view
Modification with 'mute' or a number is not forbidden and occasionally disambiguating, but not basic tp. Modification with 'lili' and the like is legal but not basic tp and not disambiguating.
tpl thumb-fist in front of chest, palm facing down, thumb pointing back
mije N male (Finnish mies)
For any species in which it is meaningful, but particularly human:
man, boy, husband, boyfriend
modifier: male, manly, masculine
[verb t: perform ftm procedures on ]
tpl 2 hand on top of left fist, palm facing left
moku V eat (Japanese mogu mogu)
Taking things in through the mouth: drink, swallow, ingest, consume, ...
noun: food, meal, drink
eating, drinking
modifier: eating
edible, food
tpl O hand at side of chin, palm facing back
moli A dead (Acadian French mourir)
Also, lethal, fatal, deadly
noun: death, dead being
verb t: kill, murder, execute, etc.
tpl O hand at side of chin, palm facing back
monsi N back (Acadian French mon tchu = French mon cul)
Also, behind, backside, rear and thus particularly
butt, ass
modifier: rear, behind, in back
[verb t: moon ]
tpl L hand in front of chest, palm facing forward
That is be afraid of, be frightened by
noun: fear, fright, terror etc.
monster, bogeyman [anything that inspires fear]
modifier: fearful, afraid, frightened
but also used in opposite polarity frighten, cause to fear
frightening
{Not in latest list}
mu I [animal noise] (sound symbolism)
Cute animal noises like baa, moo, arf, meow, ...
[noun: such a noise
modifier: making such a noise
verb t: making such a noise to convey DO
talking nonsense in saying DO
maybe with modifiers to explain the kind of animal and noise]
tpl wiggling hand at side of chin, palm facing down
mun N moon (English moon)
Any lesser light in the sky: planet, star, satellite
modifier: lunar
stellar
[ extraterrestrial
verb t: launch into space ]
tpl O hand at side of forehead, palm facing left
musi N play (Esperanto amuzi)
game, recreation.
art
modifier: amusing, entertaining, recreational, fun
artful, artistic, musical
frivolous, playful
verb i: have fun, play, exercise
verb t: entertain, amuse, play with
tpl wiggling hand at side of forehead, palm facing left
mute A much (Esperanto multe)
Also several, many, numerous, abundant
very *comparative
20 according to one disastrous usage
noun: a lot, multitude
quantity
a lot
verb t: increase, multiply, augment, nourish, improve
tpl flat hand in front of chest, palm facing forward (both hands)
N
tpl wiggling hand, palm facing down
namako N trimming
Something good added on: accessory, seasoning, lagniappe
modifier: accessory, spicy
verb t: excite, stimulate
decorate
{not in latest list}
nanpa N number (Tok Pisin namba = English number)
Cardinal , also -th to introduce ordinals
modifier: numeral, numeric, dealing with numbers
verb t: enumerate, count
'nanpa' followed by a numerical expression does not require 'pi' as a modifier.
tpl 2 hand in front of chest, palm facing back
nasa A crazy (Tok Pisin nasau)
Any thing unusual, abnormal, strange, foolish, stupid, silly, weird, drunken, unconventional
noun: strangeness, stupidity, drunkenness, etc.
verb t: confuse, scramble, get drunk, etc.
tpl thumb-fist at side of forehead, palm facing forward
nasin N way (Croatian nacin)
In many senses: road, path, street, etc.
system, program, doctrine, course of action, method
custom, habit, manner
modifier: systematic, habitual, customary, doctrinal, doctrinaire
pertaining to roads
[verb t: clear a path through
indoctrinate, enculturate
plan, plot, program
adopt/follow (a plan, program, way of life) ]
tpl flat hand in front of chest, palm facing left (both hands - so left palm faces right)
nena N bump (Finnish nena)
Anything that sticks out from a surface: hill, mountain,
nose, breast
button
[modifier: bumpy, pertaining to or like any of the nouns
verb t: make DO bumpy, roughen, impousse'
rub, sand,
sting, inoculate, ]
tpl bent hand on top of left fist, palm facing down
ni X this (Cantonese ni)
Deictic, so also that, yonder
In particular, used pronominally to refer to proximate sentence or its event to create the effect of subordinate clauses.
tpl L hand at side of chin, palm facing back
nimi N word (Finnish nimi)
In particular, name. phrase
May take quoted word as modifier
modifier: verbal, nominal
verb t: call / name DO [modifier indicates name, often by quoting it, or name later with 'kepeken'.
tpl nothing under left slanted forearm
noka N leg (Croatian naga)
Particularly hindleg on non-primates
Also foot
modifier: pertaining to legs or feet
{lower, bottom earlier anpa
[verb t: kick ]
[not on the latest official word list, possibly accidentally. A suggestion was abroad to replace it with 'luka anpa'. This has been ignored.] {Cancel this, opposite now official}
tpl flat hand in front of chest, palm facing back
O
tpl O hand, palm facing down
o X O (Georgian o, Esperanto ho, English O)
After NP to mark it as vocative
Before VP to mark it as imperative
Before sentence to mark it as optative
tpl wiggling hand in front of chest, palm facing down
oko N eye (Croatian ako)
modifier: optical, pertaining to eyes
[Obvious verbs t covered by 'lukin']
{not in latest list; replaced by lukin}
olin V love (Croatian volim)
Only between persons (not extreme liking for objects)
{respect, have compassion for, show affection to}
noun: love
beloved
modifier: loved, loving, in love
tpl wiggling hand on stomach, palm facing back
ona X it (Croatian ona "she"))
Third personal pronoun: he, she, they, him, her, them (refers back to a noun phrase)
modifier: his, hers, theirs, its
[condition: he/she/they say with specific reference.
Despite its similarity to (and possible derivation from) Fr on, Eo oni or En one, this is not an indefinte pronoun but strictly anaphoric. "they say" is probably jan la, if done this way at all.]
Modification with 'mute' or a number and with 'mije'. 'meli' or 'ijo' is occasionally disambiguating but is not basic tp.
tpl 1 hand in front of chest, index finger pointing left (palm facing back, I suppose)
open M open (Tok Pisin, English open)
More accurately start, begin, commence, initiate,...
noun: start, beginning, opening
modifier: initial, starting, opening
verb t: open, turn on, start up
condition: to begin with, firstly,
in the beginning
tpl O hand at left shoulder, palm facing down
P
tpl F hand, palm facing down
pakala V harm (Tok Pisin bagarap < English bugger up)
All the various ways and degrees of harm: damage, destroy, break, ruin, spoil, hurt, injure, ...
but also doing a bad job: err, botch, screw/fuck up, make a mistake, ... (DO, the job, often suppressed)
{fail at}
noun: destruction, ruin, disaster, damage, pain, ...
error, mistake, screw-up, ...
modifier: destructive, ruinous, ...
destroyed, ruined, broken, botched, ...
erroneous, mistaken, ...
interjection: general cuss word of frustration, grief, etc.: Damn! Fuck! Shit!
tpl thumb-fist on top of left fist, palm facing forward
[pake V block (as a road). (Eng block)
A suggestion abroad that i means stop without the suggestion of completion.
opposite of ‘ken e’, “place obstructions"
One occurrence, in a draft note on nasin.]
pali V make (Esperanto fari)
As in European languages, general but not (generally) supplementary
Specifically: create, build, care for, cultivate, prepare
Generally: work on/at, do
noun: act, action, deed, activity, function (habit?) cultivation, work, project
job, trade, profession
modifier: active, creative, working, functioning, caring, busy
[modal: habitual action: in the habit of, accustomed to ?]
tpl thumb-fist on top of left fist, palm facing left
palisa N rod (Croatian palica)
Long, thin, generally hard thing: stick, branch, phallus. dildo
modifier: long/tall and thin.
[ tumescent
verb t: stretch
beat
sexually arouse ]
tpl O hand on top of left fist, palm facing left
pan N bread (? French pain, Esperanto pano)
Any baked goods, but also the ingredient: grain (including any specific), flour
[modifier: baked, made of bread
containing grain, floury
verb t: bake, coat with flour
mill, grind ]
tpl F hand at side of chin, palm facing back
pana V emit
Action moving outward from subject: give, send, release, transfer, transmit, (?cause, place, exchange, sell/)[shoot?] {put}
noun: giving, sending, release, transfer, emission, transmission
gift, messenger/representative/ambassador, donation
radiation
modifier: generous, radioactive
tpl wiggling hand in front of chest, palm facing up
*pasila A good, easy (Eo facila “easy”) (now pona, pona pali)
*pata N sibling (now jan sama)
pi F of (Tok Pisin bilong < English belong)
Introduces a right grouped unit within a noun phrase (requires at least two words after).
Required before prepositional phrase modifying a noun phrase, that is, anywhere but at the end of a sentence modifying the whole (or the main verb).
tpl O hand in front of chest, palm facing forward
pilin V feel (Tok Pisin pilim > English feel him; English feeling)
touch, caress, fondle, ...
think, opine, (generally next sentence as object, "about" problem)
feel (a way, emotion) (apparently intransitive with adjective complement of the
way, emotion)
noun: thought, emotion, texture, opinion
modifier: thoughtful, emotional
{now primarily adjective for how feel, emotion, noun heart both emotional and physical}
tpl F hand on stomach, palm facing back
pimeja A dark (Finnish pimea)
Also, specifically, black
noun: darkness, shadow, blackness
verb: darken, blacken
tpl F hand at left shoulder, palm facing down
pini M end (Tok Pisin pinis, Acadian French fini)
Also finish
close
turn off, extinguish
noun: end, tip, point, completion
modifier: done, finished, completed, ended, closed
past
ago
(What is "stop", then - cease with the possibility of starting up again?)
tpl O hand at left shoulder, palm facing up
pipi N bug (Acadian French bibitte)
The range of invertebrates, at least visible ones (maybe including computer bugs though those are strictly pakala).
modifier: insect, invertebrate, spider [? annoying
verb: expose to bugs
annoy? ]
tpl 1 hand at left elbow, palm facing back
*po A four (English four, now tutu)
poka N side (Croatian baka)
hip, ribs
proximity, partisanship
modifier: near, next to, neighboring, almost, more than?
partisan
[verb: approach, draw in, win over, convert ]
preposition: with (accompanying)
{preposition in doubt}
tpl L hand at left elbow, palm facing back
poki N container ( Tok Pisin bokis < English box)
Any specific one: box, bag, bowl, cup, can, ..., storage
[modifier: stored, canned, packaged, in a container,
pertaining to a container or of a certain type.
restricted, limited, confined
secure
verb: put into a container, store, can, pack]
tpl O hand in front of chest, palm facing down
pona A good (Esperanto bona)
Possessing any tp virtue: easy, simple, healthy, positive, nice, calm, ...., preaceful
noun: any tp virtue: ease, simplicity, health, calmness, ...
value
verb: make good, improve, cure, fix, simplify, quiet, clean, ...
[evaluate]
interjection: Good! Great!, Cool!, Yay!, ...
Thank you, Thanks
condition: fortunately, happily, ...
tpl thumb-fist in front of chest, palm facing left, thumb pointing up
*powe unreal, false, pretend , deceive (now lon ala, toki ike)
pu
[given as a word, but never explained. called a punctuation, "a sort of virgule." Possibly replaces : in 'ni:' expressions so generally to for indirect quotations and, possibly, restrictive relative clauses (a needed addition, since nothing in speech corresponds to this punctuation).
At one point said to mean "a section of text", probably for a sura of the Koran.]
A relating to the Toki Pona book}
also used as a noun to refer to that book (possibly derogatorily).
tpl wiggling hand on top of left fist, palm facing up
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